A Two-Phase Approach to Routing a Mixed Fleet with Intermediate Depots

The adoption of all-electric vehicles (EVs) has grown rapidly in the transportation industry, particularly for urban parcel deliveries. However, limited driving range EVs and high investment cost establishing charging infrastructures are still holdbacks to routing these EVs. In this paper, we present vehicle problem a mixed fleet conventional (CVs) via intermediate depots as an alternative strategy address challenges, with CVs delivering parcels from central depot customers. addition, propose intelligent dispatching scheme allow be used multiple routes. A two-phase approach is developed first cluster customers then route fleet. implemented both small- large-sized instances, results show that using can significantly reduce number used. Furthermore, use smaller-range also investigated., discussion potential implementation issues provided.